The Future of IT
The Role of Systems Analysis and Design
Who Develops Information Systems?
Information System Components
Hardware
Software
Data
Processes
People
Understanding the Business
Business Profile
Business Models
New Kinds of Companies
Impact of the Internet
B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
B2B (Business-to-Business)
Web-Based System Development
How Business Uses Information Systems
Enterprise Computing Systems
Transaction Processing Systems
Business Support Systems
Knowledge Management Systems
User Productivity Systems
Information Systems Integration
Information System Users and Their Needs
Top Managers
Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers
Supervisors and Team Leaders
Operational Employees
Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Modeling
Prototyping
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools
Systems Development Methods
Structured Analysis
Object-Oriented Analysis
Joint Application Development
and Rapid Application Development
Other Development Strategies
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Systems Planning
Systems Analysis
Systems Design
Systems Implementation
Systems Operation and Support
Systems Development Guidelines
Information Technology Department
Application Development
Systems Support
User Support
Database Administration
Network Administration
Web Support
The Systems Analyst Position
Responsibilities
Required Skills and Background
Certification
Career Opportunities

PHASE I: Systems Planning

Analyzing the Business Case
Strategic Planning — A Framework for IT Systems Development
Strategic Planning Overview
From Strategic Plans to Business Results
A Business Example
The Changing Role of the IT Department
The Future
Information Systems Projects
Reasons for Systems Projects
Factors that Affect Systems Projects
Internal Factors
External Factors
Project Management Tools
Evaluation of Systems Requests
Systems Request Forms Systems Review Committees
Overview of Feasibility
Operational Feasibility
Technical Feasibility
Economic Feasibility
Schedule Feasibility
Evaluating Feasibility
Setting Priorities
Factors that Affect Priority
Discretionary and Nondiscretionary Projects
Preliminary Investigation Overview
Interaction with Managers and Users
Planning the Preliminary Investigation
Step 1: Understand the Problem or Opportunity
Step 2: Define the Project Scope and Constraints
Step 3: Perform Fact-Finding
Step 4: Evaluate Feasibility
Step 5: Estimate Project Development Time and Cost
Step 6: Present Results and Recommendations to Management

PHASE 2: Systems Analysis

Requirements Modeling
Systems Analysis Phase Overview
Systems Analysis Skills
Team-Oriented Methods and Techniques
Joint Application Development
User Involvement
JAD Participants and Roles
JAD Advantages and Disadvantages
Rapid Application Development
RAD Phases and Activities
RAD Objectives
RAD Advantages and Disadvantages
Modeling Tools and Techniques
CASE Tools
Functional Decomposition Diagrams
Unified Modeling Language
System Requirements Checklist
Outputs
Inputs
Processes
Performance
Controls
Backups: full, archival, differential, incremental, selective
Backup procedures; deteremining critical information needs
Location of backup data, supplies, equipment; hot and cold sites, off-site processing
Backup personnel responsibilities, schedule for recovery, training in procedures
Disaster Recovery Plan components and contents
Personnel responsibilities for different aspects of recovery
Testing Recovery: simulating various levels of disaster and recording system and personnel response times
Emergency Plans: people to contact, procedures to follow, evaucation procedures, return procedures (who, when and where)
Role of Chief Security Officer
Reporting requirements to law enforcement agencies
Future Growth, Costs, and Benefits
Scalability
Total Cost of Ownership
Fact-Finding
Overview
Who, What, Where, When, How, and Why?
The Zachman Framework
Interviews
Step I: Determine the People to Interview
Step 2: Establish Objectives for the Interview Step
3: Develop Interview Questions Step
4: Prepare for the Interview Step
5: Conduct the Interview
Step 6: Document the Interview
Step 7: Evaluate the Interview
Unsuccessful Interviews
Other Fact-Finding Techniques
Document Review
Observation
Questionnaires and Surveys
Sampling
Research
Interviews versus Questionnaires
Documentation
The Need for Recording the Facts Software Tools
Preview of Enterprise Modeling

Enterprise Modeling
Enterprise Modeling Tools
Entity-Relationship Diagrams
Drawing an Initial ERD
Types of Relationships
Data Flow Diagrams
DFD Symbols
Context Diagrams
Conventions for DFDs
Diagram 0
Lower-Level Diagrams
Strategies for Developing DFDs
Data Dictionary
Documenting the Data Elements
Documenting the Data Flows
Documenting the Data Stores
Documenting the Processes
Documenting the Entities
Documenting the Records
Data Dictionary Reports
Process Description Tools
Modular Design
Structured English
Decision Tables
Decision Trees
Logical Versus Physical Models
Sequence of Models
Four-Model Approach

Development Strategies
Web-Based Software Trends
Software as a Service
The Changing Software Marketplace
The Impact of the Internet on Systems Development
Software Outsourcing Options
The Growth of Outsourcing
Outsourcing Fees
Outsourcing Issues and Concerns
In-House Software Development Options
Make or Buy Decision
Developing Software In-House
Purchasing a Software Package
Customizing a Software Package
Creating User Applications
Role of the Systems Analyst
Software Requirements
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Financial Analysis Tools
Cost-Benefit Analysis Checklist
A Software Acquisition Example
Step I: Evaluate the Information System Requirements
Step 2: Identify Potential Vendors or Outsourcing Options
Step 3: Evaluate the Alternatives
Step 4: Perform Cost-Benefit Analysis
Step 5: Prepare a Recommendation
Step 6: Implement the Solution
Completion of Systems Analysis Tasks
System Requirements Document
Presentation to Management
The Transition to Systems Design
Preparing for Systems Design Tasks
The Relationship between Logical and Physical Design
Systems Design Guidelines
Systems Design Objectives
Design Trade-Offs
Types of transmission attacks that result in interception and interruption of traffic
Unauthorized eavesdropping or sniffing of network traffic
Altering data flows on the network
Software acquisition, documentation, development, licenses, feasibility, quality assurance, security controls and upgrades
Software Capability Maturity Model
ISO 9000-3 quality assurance framework for developing and maintaining softwarea
Assigning and monitoring access levels to software
Software upgrades
Software documentation
Prototyping
Prototyping Methods
Prototyping Tools
Limitations of Prototypes
Other Modeling Tools
Using Codes During System Design
Overview of Codes
Types of Codes
Developing a Code

PHASE 3: Systems Design

Data Design
Data Design Concepts
Data Structures
Overview of File Processing
Overview of Database Systems
Database Tradeoffs
DBMS Components
Interfaces for Users, Database Administrators, and Related Systems
Data Manipulation Language
Schema
Physical Data Repository
Web-Based Database Design
Characteristics of Web-Based Design
Internet Terminology
Connecting a Database to the Web
Data Security
Data Design Terminology
Definitions
Key Fields
Referential Integrity
Data Relationships
Entity-Relationship Diagrams
Cardinality
Normalization
Standard Notation Format
Repeating Groups and Unnormalized Designs
First Normal Form
Second Normal Form
Third Normal Form
A Normalization Example
Steps in Database Design
Database Models
Hierarchical and Network Databases Relational Databases Object-Oriented Databases
Data Storage
Data Warehousing
Data Mining
Logical and Physical Storage
Data Storage Formats
Selecting a Data Storage Format
Date Fields

User Interface, Input, and Output Design
User Interface Design
Evolution of the User Interface
Human-Computer Interaction
Basic Principles of User-Centered Design
Guidelines for User Interface Design User Interface Controls
Input Design
Input and Data Entry Methods
Input Volume
Designing Data Entry Screens
Input Errors
Source Documents
Input Control
Output Design Issues
Types of Output
Printed Output
Types of Reports
User Involvement in Report Design
Report Design Principles
Report Design Example
Other Design Issues
Designing Character-Based Reports
Printing Volume and Time Requirements
Output Control and Security: who gets printouts of what, when, and appropriate destruction of the printouts after use

System Architecture
System Architecture Checklist
Enterprise Resource Planning
Initial Cost and TCO
Scalability
Web Integration
Legacy System Interface Requirements
System Security
Processing Options
ROM
Hardware requirements and feasibility
Security for hardware and training on hardware
Planning the Architecture
Servers
Clients
Client/Server Architecture
Overview
Client/Server Design Styles
Types of Clients: Fat and Thin
Client/Server Tiers
Middleware
Cost-Benefit Issues
Client/Server Performance Issues
Impact of the Internet
E-Commerce Strategies
Industry Experience and Trends
Processing Methods
Online Processing
Batch Processing
Combined Online and Batch Processing
Network Models
The OSI Reference Model
Network Modeling Tools
Network Topology
Network Protocols
Licensing Issues
System Management and Support
Performance Management
System Security
Fault Management, Backup, and Disaster Recovery
Systems Design Completion
System Design Specification
User Approval
Presentations

PHASE 4: Systems Implementation

Systems Implementation
Software Quality Assurance
Software Engineering
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Application Development
Documentation Review
Program Design
Structure Charts
Cohesion and Coupling
Structure Chart Examples
Steps in Drawing a Structure Chart
Other Application Development Tools
Coding
Programming Environments
Generating Code
Testing the System
Unit Testing
Integration Testing
System Testing
Documentation
Program Documentation
System Documentation
Operations Documentation
User Documentation
Management Approval
System Installation and Evaluation
All necessary specification are made
Backup/Recovery Systems work properly
System components are properly integrated and working
Data is handled efficiently to designed specifriciations
Determining delays, downtime, and external penetration affects to performance
Security evaluations: Do they work? What is their effect on system performance?
Administrative Security Procedural Controls
Developing a computer security plan
Identify information assets
Identify secuirty risks, ranking, valuing risk
Identify safeguards to detect, prevent, and recover from potential losses
Periodic evalaution an dupdate of the plan
Operational and Test Environments
Training
Training Plan
Vendor Training
Outside Training Resources
In-House Training
Ensuring that all users can operate the system
Appropriate documentation and instructions for all users
Backing up the new system
Data Conversion
Data Conversion Strategies
Data Conversion Security and Controls
System Changeover
Direct Cutover
Parallel Operation
Pilot Operation
Phased Operation
Post-Implementation Tasks
Post-Implementation Evaluation
Final Report to Management

PHASE 5: Systems Operation and Support

System Operation and Support
User Support Activities
User Training
Help Desks
Maintenance Activities
Corrective Maintenance
Adaptive Maintenance
Perfective Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance
Systems Operation and Support
Managing Systems Operation and Support
Maintenance Team
Managing Maintenance Requests
Establishing Priorities
Configuration Management
Maintenance Releases
Version Control
Baselines
Managing System Performance
Performance and Workload Measurement
Capacity Planning
System Maintenance Tools
System Obsolescence
Appropriate disposal (considering security issues) of IT hardware and software

Analysis and Design Toolkits

Communication Tools
Guidelines For Successful Communications
Written Communications
Writing Style and Readability E-Mail, Memos, and Letters Reports
Oral Communications
Define the Audience
Define the Objectives
Organize the Presentation
Define Any Technical Terms
Prepare Presentation Aids
Practice
The Presentation

CASE Tools
Overview of CASE Tools
CASE Tools History
The Marketplace for CASE Tools
CASE Terms and Concepts
Repository
Individual Tools
Integrated Development Environments
Examples of Integrated Development Environments
Pros and Cons of Integrated Development Tools
CASE Tool Examples
Visible Analyst
System Architect
Rational Software
Future Trends
New Developments
The Emerging Role of Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

Financial Analysis Tools
Describing Costs and Benefits
Cost Classifications
Managing Information Systems Costs and Charges
Benefit Classifications
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Payback Analysis
Using a Spreadsheet to Compute Payback Analysis
Return on Investment Analysis
Using a Spreadsheet to Compute ROI
Present Value Analysis
Using a Spreadsheet to Calculate Present Value

Project Management Tools
Project Management
Project Management Overview
Management Functions
Project Functions
Project Planning
Project Estimating
Developing Time and Cost Estimates
Project Scheduling
Gantt Charts
PERT/CPM
Overview of PERT/CPM
PERT/CPM Chart Format
Task Patterns
Complex Task Patterns
A PERT/CPM Example with Five Tasks
Critical Path
Transforming a Task List into a PERT/CPM Chart
Estimating Task Duration
Comparing Gantt Charts and PERT/CPM
Project Monitoring and Controlling
Project Monitoring and Control
Project Scheduling
Project Reporting
Project Status Meetings
Project Status Reports
Project Management Software
Project Management Example Using Microsoft Project
Software Change Control
Keys to Project Success
Business Issues
Budget Issues
Schedule Issues
Successful Project Management

Object-Oriented Tools
Object-Oriented Terms and Concepts
Overview of O-O Analysis
Objects
Attributes
Methods
Messages
Classes
Relationships Among Objects and Classes
Object Relationship Diagram
Object Modeling with the Unified Modeling Language
Use Case Modeling
Use Case Diagrams
Class Diagrams
Sequence Diagrams
State Transistion Diagrams
Activity Diagrams
CASE Tools
Organizing the Object Model

Internet Resource Tools
Overview
Some Characteristics of the Internet
Summary of Internet Resources and Tools
Formulating an Internet Research Strategy
Evaluate Your Information Requirement
Match Your Information Requirement to the Proper Tool
Assess the Quality of the Results
Download the Results and Perform aVirus Scan
Search Engines
Search Engine Basics Search Techniques Advanced Search Techniques A Search Checklist
Subject Directories
A Subject Directory Example
Advantages and Disadvantages of Subject Directories
The Invisible Web
Invisible Web Examples
Navigation Tools for the Invisible Web
Internet Communication Resources
Newsgroups
Newsletters
Mailing Lists
Web-Based Discussion Groups
Chat Rooms
Instant Messaging
Information Technology Community Resources
Corporate Resources
Government Resources
Professional Resources
Online Learning Resources