1) The Second Intermediate Period is defined by the ______________ of Egypt.

2) During the Second Intermediate Period there was one great man (ruler) in __________ and another in ________.

One was an Asiatic and the other a Nubian and each possessed his slice of Egypt.

3) The end of the Second Intermediate Period came with the conquest of the Hyksos kings at Avaris by __________, King of Thebes.

4) The question that lies at the heart of the Second intermediate Period is the nature of the ___________, or Aamu as the Egyptians named the people of Avaris.

5) Aamu is usually translated as ____________ while ___________, on the other hand,means rulers of foreign countries.

6) Archaeological evidence indicates that the god _______ was the local god of Avaris, just as ________ was the patron deity of Thebes.

7) Josephus, quoting from ___________, describes the conquest and occupation of Egypt by the Hyksos saying, "they easily seize did (Egypt) without striking a blow; and having overpowered the rulers of the land, they burned our cities ruthlessly, razed to the ground the temples of the gods and appointed as king one of their number.

" 8) During the conflict between Thebes and Avaris, Nubia proved to be quite valuable because of its quarries and its ________ __________ in terms of control of the desert and river routes.

9) The strategic value of Nubia (Kush) gave the King of Kush significant power and independence.

His capital lay at ___________ which was situated south of the third cataract on the Nile River.

10) The Kerma people kept no written records but it is known that their _________ goes back to the times of early Old Kingdom Egypt.

11) The Kerma Nubians were cattle-breeders and __________, particularly famous as bowmen.

12) The presence of Kerma Nubians in the armies of Kamose and Ahmose is beyond dispute, but it is unclear whether they were there __________ or _________.

13) During the late Second Intermediate Period ____________ flourished between Kerma and Thebes with both people and goods traveling between the two areas.

14) Eventually the Theban Kings mastered their own region, Kamose retook the Fort at Buhen, and the Kerma Nubians had been driven south, allowing for a _________ ________ to be made ready (to attack the Hyksos at Avaris).

15) The war must have lasted for at least ______ years since we know that Seqenenra Taa, the father of Ahmose, fought the Hyksos but that Avaris was not taken until late in the reign of Ahmose.

16) The war was not continually fought (over this time period): __________ were short and armies, by modern standards, small.

17) The first known engagement occurred during the reign of Seqenenra Taa. An examination of the mummy of Seqenenra shows that he died by __________.

18) Seqenenra's mummy bears wounds consistent with an axe similar to those found in excavations at Tell el-Dab'a (Avaris). This is the most telling evidence that a major battle against the Hyksos took place in Seqenenra's reign - one in which the Egyptian king himself was brutally _________.

19) Seqenenra Taa was succeeded by ___________ who is thought by some to the king's son and elder brother of Ahmose but there are no facts regarding his parentage.

20) There is much textual evidence to indicate that Kamose continued the war against the Hyksos but it is difficult to judge how much _________ was inflicted on the Hyksos by Kamose's campaigns.

21) Kamose was succeeded by ______________ before the Hyksos could be driven out.

There was then a lull in the war of at least 11 years probably because the new Egyptian king was a young boy at his succession and the kingdom was held together by the Queen Mother Ahhotep until the young king matured.

22) According to the historian Josephus, Ahmose laid siege to Avaris with an army of 480,000 men but eventually gave up the siege in despair and concluded a __________ by which the Hyksos should all depart from Egypt.

23) Archaeological evidence from Avaris itself tends to confirm the picture of a mass _________ rather than a slaughter after Ahmos's victory.

24) It is generally thought that the ___________ introduced the horse and chariot into Egypt and this may account for their introduction into Upper Egypt.

25) The sack of Avaris was only the first step in a series of _______________ needed to secure the unity of Egypt. Ahmose followed with a campaign to southern Palestine either to destroy the remnants of the Hyksos are to exploit the vacuum they left.

26) Ahmose also turned his attention to the south and, according to the soldier, Ahmose, son of Ibana, sailed south below the second cataract to destroy the ________ ________.

27) Archaeological evidence from the time of King Ahmose indicates the presence of wall paintings or frescoes in a style, technique, and motif, that are definitely Minoan. This discovery has revived old ideas that Ahmose may have been an ally of the ___________ kings.

28) The frescoes lead to another problem, the date of the eruption of the __________ volcano, a key event for relating the chronological sequences of the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean to each other and to an absolute chronology.

29) The traditional date for the eruption (of Thera) is circa 1530 BC which is within the reign of what Egyptian Pharaoh?