1) Earlier historians considered that the 11th and 12th Dynasties marked the full extent of the Middle Kingdom, but more recent scholarship shows clearly that at least the first half of the so-called _____________ Dynasty belongs unequivocally to the Middle Kingdom.

2) One of the biggest problems in Middle Kingdom history is the issue of co-regencies of the 12th Dynasty Kings (i.e. did some of these rulers share the throne with their successors). Scholars are _______________ on this issue.

3) There are no true "absolute dates" yet established in Egyptian history until the late New Kingdom consequently there is room for revision in the _____________ for all pharaonic periods.

4) The first 11th Dynasty ruler to gain control of the whole of Egypt was ____________ (2055-2004 BC). As late as the 28th Dynasty there were numerous private tombs containing inscriptions celebrating his role as the founder of the Middle Kingdom.

5) Prior to reunification and the establishment of the Middle Kingdom Mentkuhotep II reigned over a Theban kingdom before the last phase of the civil war between ____________ and _____________ erupted.

6) Near the end of the civil War the ____________ ruler, Merykara, died before Mentuhotep reached Herakleopolis and with his death Herakleopolitan resistance's must have collapsed.

7) Mentuhotep's victory provided him with the opportunity to reunite Egypt but how long this took and how severe such troubles were, is not known. It may have taken many __________.

8) Mentuhotep ruled from (the city of)___________, which, until then, had not been a particularly prominent town in Upper Egypt.

9) In addition to the numerous military campaigns launched by Mentuhotep in his fifty-one-year reign, he was also responsible for numerous _________ __________.

10) Throughout the Middle Kingdom, the __________ ___________ were continually evolving, not only architecturally, but structurally and spatially.

11) Mentuhotep chose to build his ___________ monument at Deir el-Bahri in western Thebes.

12) Mentuhotep's mortuary complex at Deir el-Bahri was the first the royal structure overtly to stress _________ believes.

13) Mentuhotep's mortuary monument also included ___________ for his wives.

14) Mentuhotep III was the first Middle Kingdom ruler to send an expedition to the East African land of _____________ to obtain incense.

15) It seems almost certain that Amenemhat, the man who became the first king of the 12th Dynasty was the ______________ under his predecessor, Mentuhotep IV.

16) It may have been either the weakness of King Mentuhotep IV or the lack of a viable _______ ________, or both, that caused the throne to pass to the vizier.

17) The much greater ____________ of the 12th Dynasty, compared with the 11th, is perhaps the factor that has persuaded so many scholars that the Middle Kingdom only properly begins with the 12th Dynasty.

18) Amenemhat I (circa 1985-1956 BC), successor of Mentuhotep IV and founder of the 12th Dynasty, came from outside the ________ _________ .

19) Amenemhat I moved the capital from Thebes to Itjtawy in the vicinity of the Faiyum Oasis to signal a new _____________ and for other reasons.

20) The 12th Dynasty looked back to the Old Kingdom for its models. There was a steady but inexorable return to more ____________ government, together with an increase in the __________.

21) The changes brought about in the 12th Dynasty resulted in rising living standards for the _______-_______ Egyptians.

22) During a reign of Amenemhat I, a new policy and strategy had been devised for Egypt's Southern neighbor Nubia: one of _____________ and __________ aimed principally at a obtaining gold.

23) According to Fragment 34 of Manetho's history, a conspiracy took place at the end of Amenemhat's reign and historians are almost certain that Amenemhat was _________.

24) Another name for upper Nubia was _________ and this area was exploited by the Egyptians for it's precious metals, especially gold, and gemstones.

25) Senusret I is considered to be the founder of the temple of Ipet sut better known as, _________ at Thebes.

26) A collection of Middle Kingdom letters, written by an old farmer named Hekanakhte and now known as the"Hekanakhte papers" provides many details of ____________ life at this time Egyptian history.

27) The Hekanakhte papers include a rare letter from a woman to her mother and raises the question of the extent to which ancient Egyptian women were able to ____________ and ____________.

28) The annual Nile inundation was critical for Egypt's a food supply. Records from Amenemhat III's reign indicate wide fluctuations in inundation levels which must have had a _________ effect on the country's economy.

29) Amenemhat III's successors and the last two rulers of the _______ Dynasty were Maakherura, Amenemhat IV and a Queen Sobekneferu.

30) It has been suggested that Kings of the 13th Dynasty were chosen using a "circulating succession" among the leading families which would account for the great __________ of most of the reigns in this dynasty.

31) Although many13th Dynasty names have been recorded in the Turin Canon, little is known about the __________ rulers.

32) The bureaucracy and the Crown that made up the government in the Middle Kingdom were supported by _______________ based on an assessment of yields from lands and waterways.

33) In addition to taxation there was a system of ________ ________, whereby men and women of the Middle and Lower class's were enlisted to undertake specific physical tasks, including military service.

34) During the Middle Kingdom the king organized the nomarchs in _______-________ fashion: nomarchs owed the king direct allegiance and, in return for royal favors, they were obliged to protect the borders of Egypt and to undertake expeditions for the king.

35) The temples were self-supporting through their own estates which were outside the governmental boundaries, however, they had to pay __________ to the Crown.

36) According to the 13th Dynasty Papyrus Bulaq 18, the royal palace complex was divided into what three inner divisions?

37) Much has been learned about the lives of _________ ________ in the Middle Kingdom via the town of Hetep-Senusret (Lahun settlement) which was founded to accommodate the workers and their families who were building the pyramid complex of Senusret II.

38) The Lahun settlement had an estimated population of 5000 and is particularly informative because the material (excavated there) derives from the _______ _______ rather than the necropolis.

39) Sherds of Minoan pottery found in the 12th Dynasty phase of the Lahun settlement indicate commercial contacts between Middle Kingdom Egypt and the __________, perhaps even the presence of foreign workers from Crete.

40) Middle Egyptian kings actively promoted imports of timber, oil, wine, silver, and perhaps ivory from ______-_________.

41) There were also strong contacts with the areas to the south of Egypt including Nubia and the African region of ____________.

42) The most important developments in Middle Kingdom religion concerned the cult of Osiris who became the ________ _________ of all necropolises.

43) A cultural phenomenon of the Middle Kingdom called the "democratization of the afterlife" provided an extension of the once-royal funerary privileges to ______ ________ because it was now believed that all people (not just the king) had a ba, or spiritual force.

44) By the Middle Kingdom, ______________ had become much more widespread but bodies were badly mummified and the residual flesh seldom survived despite lavish external wrappings.

45) Funerary statuettes called shabti, ushabti, or shawabti, were included in tombs and were meant to act as magical substitutes when ________ had to be done by the tomb owner for Osiris (in the after world).